Microporations were performed 2, 5, and 10 times and the skin damage was confirmed using the TEWL measurement. Sung-Wook Choi. Synthesis of water-soluble and water-insoluble amphiphilic derivatives of dextran in organic medium. WebIn this regard, we chose as crowding agents a number of polymers with hydrodynamic dimensions comparable to those of iRFP713 in different structural states: polyethylene glycol8,000(PEG-8000)withaneffectivehydrodynamicradiusof24.5 1.9(Devanand & Selser, 1991), Dextran-40 and Dextran-70 with hydrodynamic radius of 44.550 and 5864 , Quantitative data are presented as the meanstandard deviation, and comparisons were carried out using one-way ANOVA (Systat Software Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Web54 we estimated that the hydrodynamic radii of 3-5 kDa dextran, 20 kDa dextran, and 70 kDa dextran are 2 55 nm, 5 nm, and 6 nm, respectively. Materiaux 1-5. The permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans (FITC-dextrans) with different molecular weights through the pig and human cadaver skins were measured using Franz diffusion cell. In a good solvent, which shows a zero or negative heat of mixing with the polymer, the molecule is less-extended, and the intrinsic viscosity is high. The basic setup of a DLS instrument is shown in Figure 1. WebThe Stokes radius or StokesEinstein radius of a solute is the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as that solute. WebThe micelles produced at pH 4.6 have a spherical shape and their size is dependent on the Maillard reaction: reaction time, molar ratio of casein to dextran, and molecular weight of dextran used. Polysaccharide hydrogels for modified release formulations. eCollection 2018 Feb. Molecules. Transdermal drug delivery system for non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs: a review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. The Solomon-Ciuta single-point method is used for calculating dextran intrinsic viscosity and the error relative is calculated, and %RE respect to Huggins method is >4.18% for 2000kDa, and >2.06% for 8.8kDa (Table 2). 7 8 The explanation for the anomalous values of a and kM-H is because the mixture solute-solvent is highly compatible due a great compaction of biopolymer, from undisturbed state in the absence of interactions, where free energy of mixing less than zero, and emphasize the nature non-linear or hyperbranched of dextran for Mw high to 200kDa. par | Juil 2, 2022 | mitchell wesley carlson charged | justin strauss net worth | Juil 2, 2022 | mitchell wesley carlson charged | justin strauss net worth Teixeira CG, Fusieger A, Milio GL, Martins E, Drider D, Nero LA, de Carvalho AF. TEWL measurements were taken to assess the integrity of the skin barrier and the extent of SC disruption. The M-H equation is empirical and valid for monodisperse polymers, and it is applied to biomacromolecules (complex, hyperbranched, crosslink), taking the precaution of comparing the value of Mv with the polydispersity index (qM-H). As well as being able to measure hydrodynamic radius in the Zetasizer (if you have access to one), it's also provided with a calculator that allows Drug deliv. Kim J, Jang JH, Lee JH, Choi JK, Park WR, Bae IH, Bae J, Park JW. 4, 10, and 20K) was measured using the Transdermal diffusion cell system. Durand, A. Transdermal delivery of FITC-Dextrans with different molecular weights using radiofrequency microporation, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. WebHydrodyamic Radius, R H: In addition to the analytic size of a linear (C=1) chain, the end to end distance, R eted or R 0, and the structural size, the radius or gyration, R g, dynamic measurements yield a size called the hydrodynamic radius, R H. Consider a rod particle of length L=10R where R is the radius. MeSH The importance of this type of study lies in the analysis of the polysaccharide behavior at industrial processes, the requirements to reduce energy, avoid flow problems and product quality control. Santoro MM, Gaudino G. Cellular and molecular facets of keratinocyte reepithelization during. Biodegradable dextran hydrogels crosslinked by stereocomplex formation for the controlled release of pharmaceutical proteins. Accueil; Solution; Tarif; PRO; Mon compte; France; Accueil; Solution; Tarif; PRO; Mon compte 4K and M.W. A few percent of R (13) glucosidic linkages provides side chains which appear to be short. Experimental Review on Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements and Temperature Effect. The relative browning for dextran from W. cibaria JAG8 was similar to commercial prebiotic Nutraflora P-95 and 3-fold lower than Raftilose P-95. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 72, 871-876. The .gov means its official. Keywords: 2017 Dec 12;27(1):73-78. doi: 10.1007/s10068-017-0274-0. CAS Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. The values of Mark-Houwink parameters universalized for the range of working temperatures are the following: 0.4267 for a*, and 0.1455 cm3/g for k*M-H, with 2 of 0.9399. Table 1 shows some values of dextrans Mark-Houwink parameters, from literature consulted, where all data are based on the logarithmic plot of intrinsic viscosity [] and molecular weight Mw. In this sense, the largest deviations were obtained for the highest molecular weight (580-2000kDa with values from 0.8467 to 0.7346). Ubbelohde, Leo. Journal of Colloid Science, 31, 308-328. In the case of a poor solvent, a temperature increase causes an increase in entropy and intrinsic viscosity and is favorable for the extended conformation. J. Braz. Treatment of acne scars by fractional bipolar radiofrequency energy. 24h after microporation, the pore sizes reduced from 64.8817.20m (0h) to 48.854.27m (24h), and the pore depths reduced from 83.9120.56m (0h) to 63.9527.61m (24h). 2008;28(5):64557. Chen Rong Huei; Wei Yu Chen; Shang Ta Wang; Chu Hsi Hsu; Min Lang Tsai (2009). On single point determination of intrinsic viscosity. The micropore formed at the SC through to the epidermis, enabling drug delivery. A sugar cane native dextran as an innovative functional excipient for the development of pharmaceutical tablets. To improve drug permeability, micropore ablation using RF is performed by passing an alternating electrical current through the skin at a frequency higher than 100kHz. Harding, Stephen E. (1997). Journal of Chemical Education, 49(8), 577-579. Each skin pores was captured using a microscope and the obtained images were analyzed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). 4K, b M.W. Gekko, K. (1971). These hydrodynamic parameters show that these polysaccharides behave as a compact rigid sphere and contract by the increase of temperature (RH decreases) for the Mw range from 8.8 to 200kDa. An undergraduate physical chemistry experiment. The site is secure. Mitragotri S. Mechanical disruption of skin barrier for vaccine delivery. Lpez Martnez, M. C.; Daz Baos, F. G.; Ortega Retuerta, A.; Garca de , J. A lot of research has been devoted to dextrans modification in order to describe special characteristics relevant to specific applications such as surfactants [16], as visible marker [17], polysaccharides-based nanoparticles, covalent crosslinking [18], ionic crosslinking, polyelectrolyte complex, and the self-assembly of hydrophobically modified polysaccharides, and hydrophilic modified polysaccharides [19]. WebFluorescein isothiocyanatedextran average mol wt 60,000-76,000; CAS Number: 60842-46-8; Synonyms: FITCDextran; find Sigma-Aldrich-FD70S MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich For data requests, please contact the authors. This device can generate microchannels from the SC through to the outer dermis and allow transdermal delivery of active agents. 10% neutral buffered formalin was purchased from Hisko (Gunpo, Korea). (2003). The intrinsic viscosity calculation requires several concentrations, and because of this inconvenient will not use the Huggins method in this paper. WebThis value is sensible given that i j = 0 and that the search radius of the clustering algorithm is slightly larger than the average segment length of our Dextran model (b 5.5 nm). In a poor solvent which shows a positive heat of mixing, segments of a polymer molecule attract each other in solution more strongly than attract the surrounding solvent molecules. Huggins, Maurice L. (1942). Google Scholar. GPC Symp. 20K groups (n=3, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01). Fractional thermolysis by bipolar radiofrequency facilitates cutaneous delivery of peptide and siRNA with minor loss of barrier function. a Microscopy images of micropore and b quantified data using ImageJ after 0 (immediately), 4, 8, and 24h according to the number of times microproration was done (n=150, *: p<0.05). Macromolecules. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 38, 2591-2598. 56 The linkage that the enzyme dextranase breaks down is indicated by the black arrow. Amersham Biosciences, AA Edition, www.amershambiosciences.com. This study was supported by the LG Electronics. MeSH terms ; Patel, T.R. Therefore, it is suitable as model molecules with different molecular weights for transdermal drug delivery [29]. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The skins were from the abdomen of a 39-year-old caucasian woman (BMI: 24). In fact, short chains do contain minor branching points. Normally, the skin loses very little water loss whereas damaged skin loses more [22]. The relation between Mw and the intrinsic viscosity is given by Mark-Houwink equation. Citation-(RIS Middelkoop E, Bogaerdt AJ, Lamme EN, Hoekstra MJ, Brandsma K, Ulrich MMW. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 42, 133-137. Dynamics of a Polymer Solution in a Rigid Matriz. We offer more than 50 fluorescent and biotinylated dextran conjugates in several molecular weight ranges. Dear Sir. Alan F Rawle , Can you help me in calculating the size of dextran 4 (molecular weight= 4000) and dextran 10 (molecular weight 10,000)? Th Thus, it is accepted that, for every flexible-chain polymer in a (ideal) solvent, there is a universal value of 0 = 2.1-2.5x1023mol-1 [52]. Correspondence to The Mark-Houwink a constant is close to 0.75 (or higher) for these good solvents. Pig skins (Micropig Franz cell membrane) were supplied by Medi Kinetics Co., Ltd. (Pyeongtaek, Korea). The dextran was chosen as another branched polysaccharide which, like the others was suspected to show hyperbranched behavior. WebHydrodynamic radius = variable size of an analyte with specific MW based on dynamical properties. Multiple Linear Least-Squares Fits with a Common Intercept: Determination of the Intrinsic Viscosity of Macromolecules in Solution. Biological skin substitutes for wound cover and closure. With FITC-dextran 20K, cumulative permeation in the human skin was 2.530.48M, and 3.340.19M in the pig skin, which significantly lower than FITC-dextran 4K. Cumulative amount of FITC-dextran permeated after microporation on the human and pig skin for FITC-dextran M.W.. a M.W. Huggins equation [41] gives the relation to the relative viscosity increase (i). H&E stained images were analyzed using Image J software. It is well tolerated on parenteral infusion by most people but a very low incidence However, in vitro investigations are very few. The lack of data on the uniformity of intrinsic viscosity measurements in the system water/dextran, highlights the significant influence of the solvent and temperature [74]. This is because the macromolecule hydrodynamic radius changes the solution type and temperature via change in their chain exibility. The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was approximately, 800 kDa. Deng H, Konopka CJ, Prabhu S, Sarkar S, Medina NG, Fayyaz M, Arogundade OH, Vidana Gamage HE, Shahoei SH, Nall D, Youn Y, Dobrucka IT, Audu CO, Joshi A, Melvin WJ, Gallagher KA, Selvin PR, Nelson ER, Dobrucki LW, Swanson KS, Smith AM. volume24, Articlenumber:22 (2020) Biomater Res 24, 22 (2020). Transdermal delivery of FITC-Dextrans with different molecular weights using radiofrequency microporation. II. The solution viscosity () is related to the solvent viscosity (o), resulting in the relative viscosity. This result could reflect the presence of some aggregated species within the lysozyme sample solution. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Proc of SPIE. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Granath, K. A. After 8h, the micropore became more distorted from the previous circle, suggesting that the micropores were closing. Ed., 9(2), 85-90. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Format), Citation-(EndNote Curvale, R.; Masuelli, M.; Perez Padilla, A. 4h after microporation, the sizes of the micropore decreased slightly. Pharm Res. The dextran has the advantage in terms of low cytotoxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and water-solubility. In addition, the permeation rate was higher in pig skin than in human skin. Determination of branching in biopolymers by size exclusion chromatography with light scattering (Malls), viscosity, and refractive index detection. Recent Pat. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 60, 1650-1662. Vemulapalli V, Bai Y, Kalluri H, Herwadkar A, Kim H, Davis SP, Friden PM, Banga AK. Dextran. HSE and DK helped to porate the skin and to measure TEWL. FITC-derivatives have been used for a variety of biological applications for more than 40 yeras. Rheology of dextran solutions. Arond L.H. Carbohydrate Polymers, 74, 372-378. Int J Pharm Investig. Kasaai, Mohammad R. (2012). Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. Doke SK, Dhawale SC. Table1 shows TEWL values measured immediately after the microporation of human and pig skins. The solutions were prepared in bidestilated water at 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 % wt. For Research Use Only. Google Scholar. 2013;3(5):3588605. Chem. 2012;9(2):14754. Elias, Hans-Georg (1975). WebLabeled dextrans are hydrophilic polysaccharides most commonly used in microscopy studies to monitor cell division, track the movement of live cells, and to report the The effectiveness of the RF microporation technique in transdermal drug delivery of macromolecules and hydrophilic agents such as peptides, hormones, and vaccines has been demonstrated extensively in previous studies [16,17,18]. Biotechnology Progress, 19, 544-548. GYA primarily conducted research. Journal Argentine Chemical Society 100 (2013) 25-34. In order to understand the behavior of this biopolymer in water and to support changes at the M-H parameters with temperature, the hydrodynamic parameters are analyzed (hydrodynamic radius, (RH); Simha number, ((a/b)); Perrin parameter (P); Flory parameter (0); and stiffness chain (dln[]/dT)). Alternatives to animal testing: a review. Determination of intrinsic viscosities of macromolecules and nanoparticles. Superior prebiotic and physicochemical properties of novel dextran from Weissella cibaria JAG8 for potential food applications. In vitro studies with human cadaver skin is a viable, ethical, and economical alternative for in vivo animal studies. J Cosmet Laser Ther. Singh TRR, Garland MJ, Cassidy CM, Migalska K, Demir YK, Ryan SAE, Woolfson D, Donnelly RF. American Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013, 1(3), 60-66. 2008;26(11):12618. These studies on Mark-Houwink parameters are usually carried out at a given temperature, obtaining a consistent result but in a very limited temperature range [68]. Search The increased TEWL values which were proportional to the number of microspores indicate SC disruption and formation of microchannels in the skin. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. In addition, microporated pig skin permeated larger amounts of FITC-dextran than human skin, this can be attributed to the differences in structure between the human and pig skin; the pig skin layer is thinner (SC, 813m) than the human skin (SC, 1017m) and the pig hair follicle is longer (3871m) than the human hair follicle (18m). Masuelli, Martin Alberto. 113, 81-86. Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH. Herwadkar A, Banga AK. Saudi Pharm J. Barshtein, G.; Tamir, I.; Yedgar, S. (1998). WebAccording to the above theoretical analysis for the micro-roughness contact model, the relationship between the hydrodynamic pressure (HP) and the contact pressure (CP) is shown in Fig. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 1260-1267. The regeneration of micropores in the human cadaver skin caused by microporation was confirmed using an optical microscope and haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. The solution was measured using an Anton Paar DMA35N densitometer. European Polymer Journal, 43, 1744-1753. Webdextran hydrodynamic radius. The Mark-Houwink. Walkenhorst, S.; Olivier, R. (2002). However, the currently available transdermal systems are limited by low drug permeability across the skin due to the lipophilic barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost skin layer of the skin [3,4,5]; the methods favor low molecular mass, and lipophilic molecules, making it difficult to exploit the transdermal route for large and water-soluble molecules such as proteins and peptides. J Appl Toxicol. Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. The genus Weissella: taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological potential. Pore closure examination was performed using an optical microscope (BX43, Olympus, Japan) immediately (time 0), 4, 8, and 24h following device application. Microneedles and their applications. A simple way of universalizing the measurements is shown in figure 4 where there is a curve at each temperature for every molecular weight. WebThomas Gutberlet works at Jlich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-2), Forsch and is well known for Lipoteichoic Acid, Neutron Reflectometry and Neutron Reflectivity. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of RF microporation technology in vitro, by evaluating the permeation of fluorescent-conjugated dextran (FITC-dextran) of various molecular weights through the human and pig skin after microporation, using a transdermal diffusion cell system. Figure3 shows a magnified image of human cadaver skin with microchannels formed by the microporation device (250kHz) and the skin closure over time. Epub 2012 Oct 18. WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Beer, M.U. Cytotoxicity studies on human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line showed non-toxic and biocompatible nature of dextran. Human skins (Full-thickness human skin) were supplied by HansBiomed. The lower molecular weight of FITC-dextran permeated more on both human and pig skin. (1937). Monolayers and Thin Films of Dextran Hydrophobically Modified. The Dextrans intrinsic viscosity is determined as a function of the molecular weight in water and NaOH 0.5 M see reference [1]. Molecular weight (M v) and hydrodynamic properties can be calculated from there. (2007). 2012;3(1):208. Hennink, W.E. As a consequence of the diversity in their origin, the set of classical universal size independent quantities suffers from shortcomings. Im Tiefkhlgert (-5 bis -30C) lagern und vor Licht schtzen. Cookies policy. Furthermore, the influence of temperature on the intrinsic viscosity is given by the chain flexibility parameter (dln[]/dT), which gives information about the conformation of the macromolecule chain in solution [62]. 10K, and c M.W. WebThis value is sensible given that i j = 0 and that the search radius of the clustering algorithm is slightly larger than the average segment length of our Dextran model (b 5.5 nm). Nordmeier, Eckliard (1993). 2022 Feb 22;16(2):1999-2012. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07010. Progress in Polymer Science, 30, 38-70. Kloster, C.; Bica C.; Rochas C.; Samios, D.; Geissler, E. (2000). Carbohydrate Polymers, 38, 267-271. Liu Zonghua; Yanpeng Jiao; Yifei Wang; Changren Zhou; Ziyong Zhang (2008). All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The microporation device based on radiofrequency can be used to enhance delivery efficiency by removing the epidermis layer. Although, in literature there is much information on hydrodynamic measurements from determinations viscosity; very few of them evaluate the situation at different temperatures. Figure4 shows the histological analysis of micropores in human cadaver skin. De Belder, A.N. Ther. The author thanks Universidad Nacional de San Luis (Project 2-81/11), FONCyT (PICT 2004-N23-2548 and PICT 2008-N21-84), and CONICET (PIP 6324 Res. (2003). ; Bos, G.W. 8600 Rockville Pike Copyright 2006-2023 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved, Dextran, Tetramethylrhodamine, 2,000,000 MW, Lysine Fixable, Sulen und Kartuschen fr die Chromatographie, Kunststoffartikel und Zubehr fr das Labor, Spektroskopie, Element- und Isotopenanalyse, Alle Themen fr Hilfe und Support anzeigen, Status und Nachverfolgung von Bestellungen, Reagenzien und Kits fr die Neurowissenschaft, Discover how to track and trace cells by imaging , Hier finden Sie unsere brigen Tracking-Produkte fr Sugetier-Zellkulturen, Molecular Probes Dextran-Konjugate Tabelle14.4. Jeanes, A.; Haynes, W.C.; C. Wilham, A.; Rankin, J.C; Melvin, E.H.; Austin, M. J.; Cluskey, J. E.; Fisher, B.E. Carbohydrate Research, 160, 205-214. The measurements of dextrans molecular weight were determined by size exclusion HPLC (Gilson, France) with Refraction Index detector using a Polysep-GFC-P5000 column (7.8030 mm). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 13, 2031-2032. California Privacy Statement, Kim, D.; Robyt, J. F.; So-Young Lee; Jin-Ha Lee; Young-Min Kim. Webwhittier union high school district superintendent. 151-166. Crini, G. (2005). Bohdanecky, Miloslav (1996). Pharmaceut Sci Tech. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Intrinsic viscosity of bovine serum albumin conformers. Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. Carbohydr Polym. Charge: Anionic. Seven dextrans, provided by Sigma, with molecular weight of 8.8, 40, 71.9, 110, 200, 580 and 2000 kDa. (2004). Masuelli, Martin Alberto (2013). Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), a common phenomenon that can produce local excessive temperature, high pressure and large amount of energy. European. Transdermal drug delivery: overcoming the skins barrier function. Solvent effects on polysaccharide conformation. Dextran (DX) is one type of EPS synthesized by LAB in the presence of sucrose (R g), radius of hydrodynamic (R h), polymer conformation parameter ( = R g /R h), intrinsic viscosity ([]), Mark-Houwink coefficient () and branching degree of DXs of RPYs prepared under different conditions. There is a deviation from linearity after 580kDa [69, 70]. Dextran Specifications: Label (Ex/Em): Fluorescein (494/521) Size: 40,000 MW. The radius of gyration is typically calculated from static scattering measurements, while the hydro-dynamic radius (or equivalent sphere radius) is deter-mined by dynamic light scattering or other diffusion measurements. This phenomenon is observed in the case of hyperbranched biopolymers evidencing an increase of a with temperature. J Control Release. The above data are not useful because it can not be compared with those obtained in this work. Journal of Polymer Science, 17, 527-546. WebThe invention relates to novel fluorescent dyes with multiple negatively charged groups in their ionized form which are 9-aminoacridines or 1-aminopyrene shaving of one of the fol J. Phys. Soc., 21, 1, 78-86. of different origins. Markiertes Dextran wird hufig per Mikroinjektion in die Zellen eingebracht. The proportionality between []0 and M0.5 is obtained as a limiting law for the no draining regime. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Eremeeva, T. E.; Bykova, T. O. The measurements of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were taken using the Tewameter (Courage-Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) to evaluate the skin barrier function after microporation. 2018 Aug 9;23(8):1984. doi: 10.3390/molecules23081984. Pharmacol Pharm. Antoniou, E.; Buitrago, C. F.; Tsianou, M.; Alexandridis, P. (2010). Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Morris, G.A. 2013;43(4):287303. These results suggest that fibroblasts proliferate and migrate under the SC, and regenerate the skin. Typical examples are the classical size-independent combinations like the Flory parameter, which that combine the intrinsic viscosity, [], and the gyration radius, Rg: These quantities have been proposed along the years, by different eminent scientists, after whom they are named. Alternatively, the value of qM-H can be calculated using numerical methods and other-average molecular weights (Mn, Mw, Mz) according to where c and d are empirical polynomial functions of the exponent a. (1999). FITC-dextran solution was prepared at 1mM in PBS. After the pore closure examination, each sample was stored in a 10% neutral buffered formalin awaiting haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. Catiker, E.; Guner, A. Indo AM J Pharm. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 277, 99-104. ; Grishchenko, A.E. Therefore, the trend of "a" and kM-H decreases with T, where the presence of ethylene glycol or dimethylsulfoxide strongly changes the interactions of this solvent with the macromolecule. Radiofrequency is a well-known medical technique with expanded application in electrosurgery for laparoscopic medical procedures and in dermatology, for sebaceous glands ablation in acne treatment [12, 13], and treatment of photoaging skin symptoms, including wrinkles and hyperpigmentation [14]. In summary, we demonstrated effective enhancement of skin permeability and delivery of macromolecules lower than 20KM.W., and regeneration of human cadaver skin after microporation with an RF-based microporation device. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. For a limited temperature range, the viscosity of a polymer solution varies generally following a relation similar to that of usual liquids (rrhenius plot), where the polymer concentration is not very high and that temperature remains far enough from glass transition [38], and for system PEAorganic solvents see reference [63]. ; Prasad, D.H.L. Leiva, Angel; Muoz, Natalia; Urza, Marcela; Gargallo, Ligia; Radic, Deodato (2010). To confirm the extent of skin damage and regeneration after microporation, porations were performed 2, 5, and 10 times. The most widely used method for the characterization of macromolecules is the capillary viscometry, as it is a simple and economic method. 43-1, 115-147. Hi Khanh, Alan is taking a little time off of Research Gate at the moment, but here is some information in reply to your question. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The mostly used commercial product/ polysaccharide is dextran, and it is produced from bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides, with an overall degree of branching of about 5% [1-3][1]. 2005;304(1):27486. Gums and stabilisers for the Food Industry, 5, 447-450. Carbohydrate Polymers, 68, 477-488. The calculated dextran molecular weights are corroborated by those tabulated data by the manufacturer with a relative error lower than 10%, being the exception dextrans 580 and 2000kDa with the highest relative error. 2003;10:33847. RBECs were passaged onto cell culture inserts as described and cultured for a further 714 days in vitro. Viscosity of in water solution polysaccharides depends on intrinsic characteristics of the biopolymer (such as molecular weight, volume, size, shape, surface charge, deformation facility, esterification degree, and galacturonic content) and on ambient factors (such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, solvent, etc.).
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