To answer these questions the Historical Currency Converter uses a short-cut, by comparing the worth of various sums in various currencies in their purchasing power of . Beware of counterfeits of HIGH VALUE coins (see below). You get: 3.00 000. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. How much is 1,980.00 - the one thousand nine hundred eighty russian rubles is worth $28.63 (USD) today or twenty-eight us dollars 63 cents as of 13:00PM UTC. The name of the currency in the languages of the fifteen republics, in the order they appeared in the banknotes: Note that the scripts for Uzbek, Azerbaijani, Turkmen and gradually Kazakh have switched from Cyrillic to Latin since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Bread and public transport were heavily subsidised, but wages were low and there were shortages of manufactured consumer goods, implementing hidden taxes. Rbls1,000 notes were issued in March 1992, after the Soviet collapse. After Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power following the death of Lenin, a final redenomination occurred which replaced all previously issued currencies. The 1Rbl coin was only issued in 1924, the poltinnik (or Rbl12) was issued 192427, and the denga (or 12 kopeck) was issued 192528. fully uncirculated: $7. ago. Posted on May 28, 2022 by May 28, 2022 by how much was a ruble worth in 1980. Unit No 405 Welldone Tech Park, Sector 48, Gurugram, Haryana 122018 . Special rubles used in accounting were not exchangeable to cash, and were effectively different currency units pegged to the ruble. In this series, Rbl1. notes were issued on 27 June 1991, Rbls3 notes on 3 November 1991, Rbls5. notes on 5 July 1991, Rbls10 notes on 10 July 1991, Rbls50 and Rbls100 notes on 23 January 1991, Rbls200 notes on 29 October 1991, and Rbls500 notes on 24 December 1991. Its total weight is 8.6026 grams, with a fineness of 900/1000 which equals a fine weight of 7.7416 grams (almost a 1/4 ounce),with the nominal value of 10 Rubles. how much was a ruble worth in 1910 1977 Russia Soviet Union 1 Ruble October Revolution 60th Anniversary Coin $3.46. Soviet banknotes and coins were produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (or Goznak) in Moscow and Leningrad. $100 in 1986 is equivalent in purchasing power to about $258.86 today, an increase of $158.86 over 36 years. . This coin series remained in circulation during and after the monetary reform of 1947 and was finally discontinued in 1961. Coin catalog My collection Swap Users. We added the most popular Currencies for our Calculator. how much was a ruble worth in 1980. New posts will not be retrieved. The inflation rate in the United States between 1980 and today has been 252.25%, which translates into a total increase of $252.25. C $31.53 shipping. We use the midpoint between the buy and sell rates of RUB to USD at currency exchanges across the globe. Third Soviet ruble, 1 January 1923 6 March 1924, Replacement currencies in the former Soviet republics. Chervonets is the traditional Russian name for large foreign, and domestic gold coins. United States Dollar to Russian Ruble Currency Exchange Rate by Walletinvestor.com. RUB to USD | historical currency prices including date ranges, indicators, symbol comparison, frequency and display options for Russian Ruble/U.S. 5 Were the USSR and the Soviet Union the same thing? Calculates inflation to see what a U.S. dollar was worth in the past and today. kopeyka, kopeyki). The average inflation rate of 3.03% has a compounding effect between 1980 and 2022. Thank you for asking. It does not store any personal data. The 1961 redenomination introduced 1 new ruble equal to 10 old rubles and restated all wages, prices and financial records into new rubles. These circulated alongside the chervonets () notes introduced in 1922 by the State Bank in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 25. how much is 800 rubles worth in 1986. average: 0.009; minimum: 0.006; maximum: 0.012 A teenager in Florida crashed into a well at 116 miles per hour in 2018. fully uncirculated: $7. Create a chart for any currency pair in the world to see their currency history. Following World War II, another redenomination was set at a rate of 10 old to 1 new ruble. The current names of several currencies of Central Asia are simply the local names of the ruble. Selling 1980 USD (United States Dollar) you get 201960 RUB (Russian Ruble ) at 25. What was the worth of 1 billion German mark in 1923 or 1000 Polish zloty in 1980? Adjusted for inflation, $800 in 1988 is equal to $1,806 in 2021. how much is 800 rubles worth in 1986. 1 USD to RUB = 0.000000 RUB. Phone: 7045552030 / 9769570556 / 8828484265, The Forrst Search & Rescue Crew Has Returned Exhausted and unsuccessful. Starting in 1991 with the final year of the 1961 coin series, both kopeck and ruble coins began depicting the mint marks () for Moscow, and () for Leningrad. The main purpose of this change was to prevent peasants who had accumulated cash by selling food at wartime prices from using this to buy consumer goods as the postwar recovery took hold. The average annual inflation rate between these periods was 23.65%. 1 Ruble (1 SUR) Currency. Availability: In Stock. It was the last of such in the Soviet Union and began on January 22, 1991. To answer these questions the Historical Currency Converter uses a short-cut, by comparing the worth of various sums in various currencies in their purchasing power of . No chervonets were issued in gold, just decrees on the parity of circulating rubles with the gold ruble, which already failed to take hold as early as 1925. This contributed to the collapse of the Soviet system. View historical and today's current inflation rates, using the CPI provided by the United States government. View historical and today's current inflation rates, using the CPI provided by the United States government. or Best Offer. Adjusted for inflation, $400 in 1980 is equal to $1,454 in 2022. how much is 400 rubles worth in 1986estimation of barium as barium chromate. The USSR issued a series of six gold 100 rouble coins from 1977 to 1980 . Posted on 29 May, 2022 | by . May 29 was the temple veil ever repairedNo Comments how much was a ruble worth in 1986average settlement for defamation of character. how much was a ruble worth in 1986; how much was a ruble worth in 1986. how much is 800 rubles worth in 1986. Annual inflation over this period was 2.64%. Changes in the value of 1980 USD in RUB. Ruble ( 1961-1991) This is the US Dollar (USD) to Russian Rouble (RUB) exchange rate history summary page, detailing 180 days of USD RUB historical data from Thursday 25/11/2021 to Sunday 22/05/2022. Check how much is 800.99 RUB As of 01:00AM UTC one thousand nine hundred eighty-five russian rubles is equal to $34.75 (USD) or thirty-four dollars 75 cents. Continue Reading More answers below Is the Russian ruble the way undervalued currency most backed by gold? [7] Old rubles were revalued at one tenth of their face value. Bad Time. Following the redenomination (1000 to 1) of the Russian Ruble, this banknote of 50,000 old Russian Rubles, dated 1995, was replaced by a similarly designed note. Banknotes were issued by the USSR State Treasury ( , Gosudarstvenny kaznacheyskiy bilet) in denominations of Rbl1, Rbls3 and Rbls5, and by the USSR State Bank ( , Bilet gosudarstvennogo banka) in denominations of Rbls10, Rbls25, Rbls50 and Rbls100. So, you've converted 1980 USD to 147672 RUB. RUB - Russian Ruble To USD - US Dollar 1.00 Russian Ruble = 0.01 3286347 US Dollars 1 USD = 75.2652 RUB We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. bourse du gouvernement franais 2021 how much was a ruble worth in 1980 These disruptions led to severe coin shortages in many regions. Ms. Kajal : +91 8828484265 The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Quando Muore Klaus In The Vampire Diaries, 2017 All rights reserved. Answer (1 of 4): How much were rubles worth at the time of the Chernobyl disaster? It was backed up by Putin's recent statement about how Russia is planning to trade gas and oil to unfriendly countries. how much was a ruble worth in 1980. blague 3 corses sur un banc; telecharger apocalypse la seconde guerre mondiale; je ne sais pas dire barbara accords; recette antillaise dessert; mariage charlotte d'ornellas marie; typologie des ponts 5me; Comentrios desativados em how much was a ruble worth in 1980. Il Parle Toujours De Son Ex, In 1938, 2.49M=$1 or 12.4M=1 means 6000M=$2409= 484. Russia (Soviet Union, USSR) 1 ruble 1977 "Olympics 1980 - Games Emblem" $2.99. 1910-1913: Since 1897, the ruble has been on the international gold standard, and stable. View historical and today's current inflation rates, using the CPI provided by the United States government. Convert 1980 PHP in USD to get actual value of this pair of currencies. 1980 $ 23.16 1979 $ 19.97 1978 . The new banknotes of 500, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, 3, and 1 ruble in value were to be exchanged for gold in any quantity. 10 KOPEKS 1931 TO 1960. worn: $2 US dollars approximate catalog value. [citation needed]. Pole Vision Le Puy Doctolib. . Initially, commemorative rubles were struck in the same alloy as other circulating coins until 1975, when its composition was changed to higher-quality copper-nickel with zinc excluded. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. bearing the Soviet state emblem and name. 1000 USD to RUB = 0.000000 RUB. Numismatically, one of the most important events of this period was the 22nd Olympiad held in Moscow in 1980. Mr. Hemant : +91 7045552030 The State Bank notes depicted Lenin while the Treasury notes depicted floral artistic designs. While these interest rate Result of conversion 1978 Russian Ruble to US Dollar. The ruble has been used in the Russian territories since the 14th century, and is the second-oldest currency still in circulation, behind the pound sterling. Get the best deals on 1980 Russian Coins when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. These coins bore the emblem and legends of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) and depicted the famous slogan, "Workers of the world, Unite!". These percentages show how much the exchange rate has fluctuated over the last 30 and 90-day periods. The word kopeck or copeck (in Russian: kopeyka) is a diminutive form of the Russian kop'yo ()a spear. 1947-1961. how much was a ruble worth in 1910. To $1,454 Adjusted for inflation, $400 in 1980 is equal to $1,454 in 2022. Moldovan has switched to Latin and is once again referred to as Romanian. (One ruble one ruble) Shape: Round: Alignment: Medal (0) Weight (gr) 12.8: Diameter (mm) 31: all texts were in Russian only) in the 1992 issues; all 1991 notes (in exception to the 2nd 1991 Rbls100 banknote) contained all Soviet languages. We use the midpoint between the buy and sell rates of RUB to USD at currency exchanges across the globe. The 25Rbl note was omitted from this series, but still remained legal tender; all 1961 notes apart from the demonetized Rbls50 and Rbls100 denominations remained in circulation. Fifth ruble. 1980 SOVIET UNION RUSSIA 5 ROUBLES 900% SILVER GORODKI MOSCOW OLYMPICS Z774. - kopeyka, kopeyki ). Numismatically, one of the most important events of this period was the 22nd Olympiad held in Moscow in 1980. As those who sell their currency on the thriving black market have established, the ruble is really worth 20 cents, not $1.66. how much was a ruble worth in 1980. service central d'tat civil nantes numero non surtax . The main difference between Russia and the Soviet Union is that Russia is the name of a single country of Asia while the Soviet Union was the name of former federation of Communist Republic comprise of fifteen republics. Let's See if this can get you on the Right Trail. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Russian Ruble exchange rate is the RUB to USD rate. Visit US Dollar (USD) to Russian Ruble (RUB). The inflation rate in India between 1980 and today has been 2,037.82%, which translates into a total increase of $2,037.82. There may be an issue with the Instagram access token that you are using. Floor, Behind Jay Mata Di Temple, Dr. Charat Singh Colony, A. G. Link Road, Chakala, Andheri ( East ), It built on the stability in the exchange value of the third ruble which happened towards the end of 1923.[6]. The current exchange rate is equivalent to 0.0175. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Historically, a "ruble" was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a silver ingot (grivna), hence the name. Value. Free shipping. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. For the week (7 days) Date Day 1980 USD to RUB Changes Changes % March 18, 2022: Friday: 207739 RUB-5778.68864-2.861 %: March 19, 2022: Saturday: 212850 RUB 1980 USD is 201960 RUB . Dollar. It was at $1.39 and it's now at $0.75 to the USDthey're worth more than the American dollar obviously. Worth - USSR 1 ruble 1964-1991 in the coin catalog at uCoin.net - International Catalog of World Coins. In 1957, all these notes were reissued with the old date but modified design: because of the abolition of the Karelo-Finnish SSR, the number of ribbons on the state emblem was reduced from 16 to 15, and the nominal in Finnish was removed from the obverse. average circulated: $3. #80. 1980 Moscow USSR Russia 5 Coin Silver Olympic Set 5 & 10 Rubles w/ Case. The average inflation rate of 3.03% has a compounding effect between 1980 and 2022. 100 in 1980. We use the midpoint between the buy and sell rates of RUB to USD at currency exchanges across the globe. answer (1 of 4): de facto,this currency was never represented on market, but the official exchange rate from 1986 to 1991 was 1 dollar=0.56 rublrs and 1 ruble was worth 1.7841 dollar so 100 rubles=178,41 dollars worth - ussr 1 ruble 1980, xxii summer olympic games, moscow 1980 - olympic flame in the coin catalog at ucoin.net - international The official exchange exchange rate from the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) was 75.25 Soviet rubles for 100 United States dollars. Exchange rate has reached to lowest price. More About How Much Is The Russian Ruble Worth How much was 800 Russian rubles worth in 1986? Was the Soviet ruble on the gold standard? The ruble [5] or rouble [6] ( Russian: ) was the currency of the Soviet Union, introduced in 1922, replacing the Imperial Russian ruble. [6] The gold ruble existed in parallel with the paper ruble of 19171922, which continued to depreciate versus the former, climbing to 50 billion paper rubles per gold ruble in March 1924. The currency symbol is . Visit US Dollar (USD) to Russian Ruble (RUB). Due to ruinous inflation in the former Soviet Republics, most of the successor currencies had to be redenominated at least once, with the notable exceptions of the Armenian dram, Estonian kroon, Kazakh tenge, and Kyrgyz som. The official exchange exchange rate from the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) was 75.25 Soviet rubles for 100 United States dollars. 34.75 USD. United States Dollar to Russian Ruble Currency Exchange Rate by Walletinvestor.com. $352.25 in 2022. In November 1989 the ruble was devalued for foreign travel to a tourist rate of Rbls6.26 per dollar (versus Rbl0.6277 officially). These cheques could be spent at a Beriozka. Below shows the current exchange rate of the currency pairs updated every 1 minutes and their exchange rates history graph. Indeed, they were mass-produced before the plan was scrapped and a majority of them were melted down. By early December 1991, just before the Soviet Union ceased to exist, the ruble was valued at nearly Rbls100 to the dollar. Annual inflation over this period was 3.12%. Details on the introduction of new currencies in the newly independent states are discussed below. 1980 USD is 201960 RUB . The current exchange rate is equivalent to 0.0148. They were dated 1923 and were in denominations of Rbls10,000, Rbls15,000, and Rbls25,000. From a common man's view, with Russian rubles you can buy anything from absolution of sins to a nuclear warhead that fell off a truck, if there is one. Please note that the official exchange rates had nothing t. Sixth ruble. What is $0.4k in 1980 worth in today's money? Denominations were as follows: 1-, 2-, 3-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 25-, 50-, 60-, 100-, 250-, 500-, 1,000-, 5,000-, 10,000-, 25,000-, 50,000-, and 100,000 roubles. ellevio hglast lglast; how much was a ruble worth in 1980 The ruble hit a 7-year high of 54.8 on May 23rd and was the world's best-performing currency this year. On this day a year ago, they gave $18.97 us dollars for 1,980.00 russian rubles, which is $7.29 less than it is today. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands | affordable prices. Numismatically, one of the most important events of this period was the 22nd Olympiad held in Moscow in 1980. Value of 1980 US Dollars today. Thank you for asking. Go for a four-pack of yogurt (about 25 rubles per cup), a l In 1924, copper and silver coins were again minted to pre-war Czarist standards, in denominations of 12kop, 1kop, 2kop, 3kop, and 5kop (copper), 10kop, 15kop, and 20kop (in 50% silver), and 50kop, and Rbl1 (in 90% silver). 5 USD to RUB = 0.000000 RUB. 1 RUB = 0.01 USD at the rate on 2023-02-28. Mylne Farmer Maison, This means that 100 rubles in 1993 are equivalent to 38,182.56 rubles in 2021. 1 Ruble (1 SUR) Convert Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset l Russia 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 Roubles 1897 to 1911. of gold, this would mean 155,517 rubles per oz. You can convert USD to other currencies from the drop down list. To help put this inflation into perspective, if we had invested $400 in the S&P 500 index in 1980, our investment would be nominally worth The dollar had an average inflation rate of 3.03% per year between 1980 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 250.86% . Exchange Rate Average (Euro, US Dollar) - X-Rates Value of a dollar. The state emblem also went through a series of changes between 1935 and 1957 as new soviet republics were added or created, this can be noted by the number of "ribbons" wrapped around the wheat sheaves. Commemorative coins from this period were always slightly larger than general issues, 50kop and Rbl1 coins in particular were larger, while the 1967 series of the small denominations were the same circumference but thicker than general issues. Annual inflation over this period was 3.12%. Fourth ruble. Analyze historical currency charts or live Russian Ruble / Russian Ruble rates and get free rate alerts directly to your email. Charles . 5 USD to RUB = 0.000000 RUB. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Live tracking and notifications + flexible delivery and payment options. Moscow Olympics 1980. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Short-term treasury certificates were also issued to supplement banknote issue in 1,000,000-, 5,000,000-, and 10,000,000 roubles. Now 75-> 100-105, 35-40%. The sudden transformation from a Soviet "non-currency" into a market currency contributed to the economic hardship following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.[10][12][13]. In November 1990 a new commercial exchange rate of Rbls1.80 per dollar was introduced. Powering commercial grade rates at 300+ companies worldwide. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Notes are issued in denominations ranging from 5 to 5,000 rubles. These fifteen names derive from four roots: The first ruble issued for the Soviet government was a preliminary issue still based on the previous issue of the ruble prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Russian ruble is divided into 100 kopecks. Dollar. You wont receive this rate when sending money. 1,980 RUB to USD - Russian Rubles to Dollars Bad Time As of 18:00PM UTC one thousand nine hundred eighty russian rubles is equal to $33.80 (USD) or thirty-three dollars 80 cents. Bad Time. Stalin failed to maintain the ruble's value versus the gold ruble as early as 1925, and by 1930 its value even struggled to stay above the melt value of the silver 10-, 15-, and 20kop coins. how much is 800 rubles worth in 1986. As a result, other countries still in the ruble zone (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Armenia and Georgia) were "pushed out". But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In 1931, the remaining silver coins were replaced with redesigned cupro-nickel coins depicting a male worker holding up a shield which contained the denominations of each. Changes in the value of 1980 USD in RUB. More About How Much Is The Russian Ruble Worth How much was 800 Russian rubles worth in 1986? society Ltd., Gr. In other words, the purchasing power of 100 in 1993 equals 38,182.56 in 2021. Value of $15 from 1970 to 2023. [8] Its parity to the US dollar underwent a devaluation, however, from US$1 = 4 old rubles (0.4 new ruble) to US$1 = 0.9 new ruble (or 90 kopecks). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. C $31.53 shipping. I. The gold ruble, Russia's standard unit of currency, introduced in 1897 was equal to 0.774235 grams of gold. Today ( Thursday 26/05/2022) 1980 Russian Ruble (RUB) = 32.4856 US Dollar (USD) 1980 US Dollar (USD) to Russian Ruble (RUB) Value of a dollar. The currency code for Russian Rubles is RUB. This means that 100 pounds in 1956 are equivalent to 2,312.54 pounds in 2022. Initially an uncoined unit of account, the ruble became a circulating coin in 1704 just before the establishment of the Russian Empire.It was also the first currency in Europe to be decimalised in 1704, when it was divided into 100 kopeks. It implies a gold parity of Rbls31.50 per troy ounce or Rbl1 = 0.987412 gram of gold, but this exchange for gold was never available to the general public. Selling 1980 USD (United States Dollar) you get 201960 RUB (Russian Ruble ) at 25. Unlike other reforms, this one did not affect coins. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". $55.00. Its price depends very much on its condition and varies from about 10,000 USD to 100,000 USD and even higher. View historical and today's current inflation rates, using the CPI provided by the United States government. This is for informational purposes only. So, you've converted 1980 USD to 147672 RUB. Banknotes of the successor States of the USSR), Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_ruble&oldid=1142751201, 1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union, Articles with Estonian-language sources (et), All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles containing Belarusian-language text, Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text, Articles containing Georgian-language text, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles containing Turkmen-language text, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with text in East Slavic languages, Articles needing additional references from February 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Rbl1, Rbls3, Rbls5, Rbls10, Rbls25, Rbls50, Rbls100, Rbls200, Rbls500, Rbls1,000, 1kop, 2kop, 3kop, 5kop, 10kop, 15kop, 20kop, 50kop, Rbl1, Rbls3, Rbls5, Rbls10. Try Developers, Notifica Acc Campania Pec Agenziariscossione Gov It, Quando Muore Klaus In The Vampire Diaries, a little party never killed nobody hyderabad, laureato in scienze motorie lavoro all'estero, obbligo strisce antiscivolo gradini condominio, case in affitto a santa maria del monte, saludecio. In other words, it indicates how much are 100 worth today. To help put this inflation into perspective, if we had invested $400 in the S&P 500 index in 1980, our investment would be nominally worth We use the midpoint between the buy and sell rates of RUB to USD at currency exchanges across the globe. To see historical exchange rates with graph,fill in the following fields and click Go! 10 USD to RUB = 0.000000 RUB. More About How Much Is The Russian Ruble Worth How much was 800 Russian rubles worth in 1986? The reform also included devaluation of the ruble to fix a new value of coins held over from the previous period. What was the worth of 1 billion German mark in 1923 or 1000 Polish zloty in 1980? The "Workers of the World" slogan was carried forward. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Furthermore, the coins were made of what had suddenly become precious metals copper and nickel, which were needed for the defense industry. Was the Soviet ruble on the gold standard? 200 USD to RUB = 0.000000 RUB. In 1935, the reverse of the 10-, 15-, and 20 kopeck coins were redesigned again with a simpler Art Deco inspired design, with the obverse of all denominations also redesigned, having the "Workers of the world, unite!" =. It did, however, continue to be used in several former Soviet republics including Russia and particularly Tajikistan for a short time after the union had ceased to exist out of necessity. The worst day for conversion of 1904 Russian Ruble in US Dollar in last 10 days was the 08/03/2022. Calculates inflation to see what a U.S. dollar was worth in the past and today. The details included a brief period to exchange old 1961-dated Rbls50. and Rbls100 notes for new 1991 notes for three days from 23 to 25 January (Wednesday to Friday) and with a specific limit of no more than Rbls1,000 per personthe ability to exchange other notes considered in the special commissions to the end of March 1991. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title.
Discord Nitro Gift Link Troll,
Car Accident Last Night Middletown, Ct,
Red Rimmed Eyes Vitamin Deficiency,
National Coalition For Police And Troopers Pac,
Articles H