In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. The resultant damage was a hole two feet in diameter through the wing and over 3,500 shrapnel holes riddling the fuselage, said Lt. Col. Robert A. Davidson, commander of the AC-47 forward operating location at Bien Hoa. A three-second burst would saturate an area the size of a football field. ATTENTION If you participated in any of the incidents listed on this page or know of some that are not, please contact the History Project Manager via the Email Link at the top of this page. DaNang Ammo Dump April 27 1969. (Lt. Cdr. On the morning of 26 February following Napalm and Snake Eye air strikes, Company L, reinforced by Company M assaulted the PAVN position making slow progress against determined PAVN resistance. The training group headquarters building at Lackland AFB, Tex., is named for him. Those satellites will join the already-planned 28 satellites in the Tranche 1 Tracking Layer of SDAs Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture. Tet 1969 refers to the attacks mounted by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and Viet Cong (VC) in February 1969 in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, one year after the original Tet Offensive. At about 03:00, as reconnaissance elements of the unit were observed and engaged by US Air Force security forces at the perimeter of Bien Hoa Air Base, the villagers began to flee their homes, running down streets and creek beds. "On the second firing pass, the mortars firing on Long Binh were silenced." The attack lifted momentarily, and the gunship began dropping flares to provide illumination . [Three] thousand rounds a minute was more than sufficient.. Ike originally intended these dominos to represent Chinas neighbors such as North and South Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Malaysia, but it was not long before some believed that places like Cuba, Angola, Chile, Peru, Michigan and South Carolina would also be on the list. The gunners kept the guns loaded and working during the flight. Most estimates put the Viet Cong deaths at over 100. Numerous bases were attacked, these attacks were all beaten back but did inflict casualties and reinforced the fact that PAVN/VC forces were able to mount attacks at will. The Air Force Scientific Advisory Boarda group of experts and researchers the department taps for independent advice on key science and technology effortsis undertaking four studies in 2023, including two that will likely inform the services approach to Secretary Frank Kendalls operational imperatives. . ARVN casualties were 10 killed and 100 wounded and one US Army photographer was killed. Unit flags at the headquarters. After years of Army training one cannot help but itch for a shot at the enemy, especially when all the advantages are on ones own side. Intelligence had indicators of the pending attacks. For reasons unknown, it had not been emptied when the AC-47 went to Vietnam. With the progression of the battle came a feeling of incredulity. Quan Loi August 12/13, 1969 by Bill Rubenstein. South Vietnamese woman 1969 Sep 15, 2017. . War and peace. These attacks were repulsed for Marines losses of 18 killed and more than 75 PAVN killed. If you like this movie trailer, go to https://militaryvideo.com/ to purchase the entire 60 minute video. These units made occasional contact, often with PAVN or VC who fought stubbornly from trenches and spider holes. Dennis E Haines, Recipient of the Images Of Bravery Award, Patient at the 24th Evacuation Hospital, December 1968. Also in mid-February Company D, 1st Battalion, 7th Marines engaged an entrenched PAVN platoon 22km southwest of Da Nang killing 30 and the ARVN 2nd Battalion, 51st Regiment operating 4km west of the Marines killed 49 PAVN moving north of Go Noi Island. Upon arrival, we observed a large battle going on in the south and east perimeters of the base, Carpenter said. Retired Army Col. Paris Davis, 83, stood in the East Room of the White House on Friday as President Joe Biden draped the Medal of Honor around his neck, nearly six decades after he saved the lives of three fellow troops during the Vietnam War.. Flares took away the cover of darkness, on which the Viet Cong depended for their style of warfare. Surely neither the Viet Cong nor North Vietnamese Army would attempt such a suicidal mission. We were being attacked by at least a full enemy battalion in a fight raging with remarkable intensity. Aerial view of (USARV) United States Army Republic of Vietnam Headquarters Complex at Long Binh, Vietnam. New York Times, January 8, 1969, p. 12. Combat training for ordnance officers at best is rudimentary. The villagers told the ARVN forces how they were driven out of their homes and confined to an area near a creek running alongside the village. When daylight came, I reported to my new duty station in the Engineer Section of USARV HQ, where, from the second floor of the air-conditioned building, we could observe the Post's perimeter wire about 1/4 mile away. Seventh Air Force, among others, expressed concern that transmissions might be intercepted and give warning of the gunships approach to the enemy. After the massive casualties it suffered during the vicious battles in 1966 and 1967, and especially due to the division's disastrous . 28 March Ambush and Recon Team #75, and #76 were on a joint night operation on Hill-15 in the southeastern sector of the TAOR. The attacks on Bin Ha, Bien Hoa Air Base and Long Binh Post, occurred during the early hours of 31 January 1968 and continued until 2 February 1968. The battle area had been cleared for at least 500 to 1,000 yards from the perimeterall foliage and any source of cover had been bulldozed flat. He delivered the keynote address. If your URL is correct, you'll see an image preview here. It concentrated on US military installations, especially in the III Corps area around Saigon. center, as they run down Route 1 near Trang Bang after an aerial napalm attack on suspected Viet Cong hiding places on June 8, 1972. Viet Cong attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base (1966) From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Once the sun came up, a troop of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment found 139 dead enemy soldiers, Stars & Stripes reported. The ARVN units swiftly moved into blocking positions, and by daybreak, the PAVN/VC were surrounded. 5 Lt xem. On 23 February 1969, Task Force Privette (A and B Troops, 1st Squadron, 11th Cav and a company of 1st Battalion, 2nd Infantry) reacted to an attack on the Long Binh perimeter, killing 88 NVA. The retired Green Beret, who was a trailblazer as one of the first Black officers to join the Special Forces, told Military.com on Thursday that he . U.S. Navy Douglas A-4E Skyhawks from Attack Squadrons VA-163 Saints and VA-164 Ghost Riders attack the Phuong Dinh railroad bypass bridge, 10 kilometers north of Thanh Hoe, North Vietnam, on September 10, 1967. Answer (1 of 6): Now I can answer that from a very odd perspective. remembrance of shared experience. . Jim Van Eldik is a retired Army lieutenant colonel. Hugging the deadly device to his body, he dragged himself back to the rear of the aircraft and hurled the flare through the open cargo door. . Dad wanted to be buried standing up. The Long Binh Army post, adjacent to Spookys home base at Bien Hoa, was under mortar attack. Shrapnel and jagged shards of metal ricocheted through the cargo bay, and a shock wave from the explosion swept the interior of the airplane. My Lightboxes | More than 100 individual and crew-served weapons were captured. In reality, it is a collection of ideas, images, and information that enough people have chosen to preserve and disseminate. 21 July 1969 - Rheault, Marasco, and others transferred to Long Binh Jail (LBJ). On 19 February, a defector surrendered to Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces and revealed a large VC force would attack key installations in the Saigon area to include Long Binh Post.Unfortunately, the reporting was delayed and did not reach Long Binh until the morning of 22 February 1969, the day the defector . I am interested in corresponding with any Black Scarf soldiers who . Unfortunately, the reporting was delayed and did not reach Long Binh until the morning of 22 February 1969, the day the defector warned the attacks were set to begin. 1965 January 1 - February 7, 1965: Vietcong forces mount a series of attacks across South Vietnam. Passing of colors to the new commander. I was experiencing what soldiers for more than half a century referred to as the empty battlefield. Modern battlefield weapons had become so lethal that to expose oneself, even for an instant, to their fire was tantamount to suicide. I consider the fact that the aircraft was able to fly at all a miracle, Carpenter said. Beyond that was an open area where tanks were patrolling back and forth, apparently looking for VC who had squirreled themselves down into rat holes trying to avoid the tanks. The remaining elements of the company were held in ready reserve. Many features may not work properly without it. It was also called Dragonship and Puff the Magic Dragon (after a song, then popular, by Peter, Paul, and Mary) but went mostly by Spooky, the call sign with which it flew its missions. The intense heat of the flare would burn rapidly through the aluminum floor of the cargo bay and drop on the empennage control cables, destroying them and causing the aircraft to go out of control. The first explosion, seemingly an earth-shattering blast, occurred perhaps 30 or 40 yards outside our office, spraying the building with gravel and steel fragments, perforating our walls and windows. Behind the driver, strewn about the passenger seat and floor, was his personal combat gear, including his M14 rifle and several magazines filled with ammunition. The VC attacks on Bien Hoa and the Long Binh complex were abject failures, due in part to the fact that on January 31, 1968, they had run into the Panthers of the 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry. Welcome to the Long Binh google satellite map! On searching the site at dawn it was found that 2 PAVN 81mm mortar teams had been destroyed in the barrage. Viet Cong attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base (1966) Part of the Vietnam War: Date: 4-5 December 1966: Location: Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam. It was used as a base of operation for the increased ambush and reconnaissance patrols conducted in the uninhabited eastern end of the TAOR. Over the years, there were numerous other recognitions. . Media in category "Long Binh Post" The following 36 files are in this category, out of 36 total. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. It was his 180th combat mission, but he had never flown with this crew before. . ), and that the VC suffered heavy casualties that day, with about only 6 VC left after the shooting stopped, and these were taken prisoner. I try to control what I say, although for the most part, Im very quiet. Vehicles drive past on roads between the Long Binh Post area. In my case it was my unusual ability to count. At 02:00 on 23 February, the 274th VC Regiment initiated their attack with an estimated 78 rounds of rocket and mortar fire from their positions. Members of the 1st Squadron 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, surround their M551, Air Droppable Assault Vehicle as they wait for the word to move out, 23 February 1969 Overview; The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong launch artillery attacks on over 100 population centers and military . Well, not everybody had departed. We were young men in the U.S. Army. Some speculate that the attacks . The basic course at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland allocated one week in the field for brushing up on combat skills. Some of my first recollections as a youngster from the cornfields of Iowa were the television and radio presentations of an ominous phenomena known as the yellow peril, although on our black-and-white TV sets this threat appeared more as black swaths oozing first from Russia across China, then over North Korea and finally covering the countries of Southeast Asia on their way across the ocean to the United States. As usual, I initially took refuge under my desk, then ordered everyone to rush downstairs on the assumption that any direct hits would likely riddle the upper floor. Background. The idea was quite unsettling. Aerial view of Long Binh Post in Vietnam. We had a perfect view of the VC hill, and it slowly began to dawn on me that for the past seven months, as each evenings shift began with my casually scanning the quiet hills to the south and southeast of Long Binh, there was a fair probability I was being scanned right backlikely by some VC ammo counter busily inventorying his AK-47 bullets, 122 mm rockets, 82 mm mortars and B-40 rocket-propelled grenade rounds, while I counted M16 bullets, Claymore mines and howitzer shells. Long Binh Jail was a prison for American soldiers on the outskirts of Saigon with notoriously harsh conditions. 128 KB. [4]:99, The PAVN/VC attacks on Da Nang were a failure resulting in more than 500 dead. The pilot, copilot, and navigator were in the forward cabin, and the flight engineer, two gunners, and the loadmaster were in the cargo bay in back. Ahead of the release of Pentagons 2024 budget release in the coming weeks, Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin touted major investments by the DOD across a broad array of portfolios, including the nuclear triad, space, and next-generation fighter aircraftwhile promising once-in-a-generation expenditures for shipyards and munitions manufacturing in particular. The occupants were helplessly slammed against the floor and fuselage like so many rag dolls., At that moment, a loud explosion was heard and a bright flash filled the aircraft, said Maj. William P. Platt, the navigator. It's not widely known that during the course of the Vietnam Conflict, about 2 million (2,000,000) VC and NVA were killed -- which was about 15 percent of North Vietnam's 13 million population. Alsoand central to the story of Spooky 71it carried about 50 magnesium flares to illuminate targets on the ground. Apparently, it was impossible for an Iowa corn farmer to get his mind around the idea of hundreds of men actually trying to kill each other. The brigade was activated on 1 June 1966 at Fort Benning, Georgia, as the 199th Infantry Brigade (Light), with emphasis on counterinsurgency operations and mobility. On July 1, an article titled "Libya and Syria: When Anti-Imperialism Goes Wrong" was published on the North Star website, signed by "Pham Binh of Occupy Wall Street, Class War Camp." The article argues that imperialist interventions in Libya and Syria are justified because they are demanded by forces the author calls revolutionary. Most attacks centered on military targets near Saigon and Da Nang and were quickly beaten off. It weighed 27 pounds. 24:11. It was nothing like what I saw in my imagination or what is shown in movie theaters or on television. They fought to the last because (1) they were told that they would be tortured mercilessly by US soldiers should they be captured, and (2) being Buddhists, they did not want to die on foreign soil, but hoped to escape so they could go home to North Vietnam to die. Military aviation and technology are ever-changing, from the prevalence of drones to a shift to jets for special mission surveillance, once the province of propeller aircraft. The villagers met elements of the South Vietnamese 5th Marine Battalion, the 3rd Battalion, 48th Infantry Regiment, 18th Division and the 3rd Squadron, 5th Armored Cavalry moving on the road less than a half mile from Thai Hiep in response to the contact at the air base. 472.6.8 Records of the U.S. Army Central Finance and Accounting Office, Vietnam. ElyRatner, assistant secretary of Defense for Indo-Pacific security affairs, discussed how China continues to prod the U.S. and challenge stability in region, even as, The entire F-35 fleet is slated to get the retrofit engine maker Pratt & Whitney has identified to mitigate the problem that led to suspended deliveries and flight restrictions for some aircraft for nearly two monthsa move that will affect hundreds of fighters globally. The attack continued into 27 February when the Marines overran the PAVN resulting in a total of more than 200 killed. It had been flying in Vietnam since 1964, first with the air commandos and after that with the special operations squadrons. Among the family members present were his son and grandson, John L. Levitow III. 44th Medical Brigade Headquarters Long Binh 1969.jpeg 2,079 1,716; 209 KB. His most recent article, Rolling Thunder, appeared in the March issue. As noted, the 277th S&S BN (DS) stationed in Long Binh became the superior command 30 August 1968, physically arrived in Tay Ninh by early January 1969 and remained in Tay Ninh until mid July 1970 {approximate} when it was re-assigned to Di An {near Saigon} - (see 1970 History, where the 228th was for all intent and purposes reduced to a . Seriously wounded were, SSG Slaven the squad leader, SP/4 Robert Cressman, PFC Larry W. Holton, and CPL Lee Van Muon, their Popular Forces Interpreter. These Vietnam War photos taken by U.S. Army photographers reveal a side of the conflict that few people have ever seen. Near Saigon, the VC made attacks on Long Binh and Bien Hoa. Levitows hometown, Glastonbury, dedicated a memorial to him on the town green May 31, 2004. I had a real tough time grabbing hold of it with two hands because of the pain in my leg and everything. He is remembered at the Walk of Fame at Hurlburt Field, Fla. Levitow died Nov. 8, 2000, at his home in Connecticut after a lengthy battle with cancer. Two of the pockets were destroyed by the next morning resulting in the capture of the acting commander of the 141st Regiment. In anticipation of what they would seize, many of Trans comrades packed can openers in addition to the noodle packets and dried rice they all carried. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. License Agreement | 1st Signal Brigade 1966-1972, Saigon, Long Binh VISIT HOME PAGE 101st Airborne Division 1965-1971, Bien Hoa, Phan Rang, Phu Bai VISIT HOME PAGE 9th Infantry Division 1966-1969, Bear Cat, Dong Tam I had the aircraft in a 30-degree bank and how Levitow ever managed to get to the flare and throw it out, Ill never know, Carpenter said. Thought to be in retaliation for Chuyen's disappearance. He reported to the 3rd Special Operations Squadron at Nha Trang in July 1968 and was assigned to the squadrons forward operating location at Bien Hoa. . Levitow was struggling toward the flare despite the violent maneuvering of the aircraft. By Richard E. Killblane - Transportation Branch Historian September 15, 2008. I was a ticket office supervisor with several Vietnamese and Chinese-Vietnamese women reservations/ticket agents. The Mk 24 flare was a metal tube, just over three feet long and about five inches in diameter. Another typist gives MPC currency notes to the soldiers. Soldiers lined inside the building waiting for their number. On 18 February a Company F, 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines called in artillery fire on a group of PAVN/VC 5km south of Marble Mountain resulting in 21 secondary explosions believed to be from detonating rockets. Following the employment of the supporting fires, the 36th Ranger Battalion moved back into the village. Smoke rises from surrounding area. During the Vietnam War, Long Binh Post was the U.S. Army's largest base located in the former South Vietnam. There are some night scenes of the base under attack showing mostly flares, explosions and gunships firing on enemy targets. Photo of the famous Saigon Taxi. [4]:100, After dawn on 23 February a VC unit was detected near the Ha Vang District and the Marine security force killed 6 and captured 2 and forced the rest of the unit to retreat into a cemetery where they were attacked by the ARVN 21st Ranger Battalion the next day losing a further 57 killed. Once the sun came up, a troop of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment found 139 dead enemy soldiers, Tran, who was from the Haiphong area of North Vietnam, had high expectations for a victory in the attack, according to an interview in, On the other hand, one is left to ponder what affect seeding the battlefield or, even better, seeding the, https://www.historynet.com/long-binh-battle/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, When 21 Sikh Soldiers Fought the Odds Against 10,000 Pashtun Warriors, Few Red Tails Remain: Tuskegee Airman Dies at 96. The squad came under an immediate rain of grenades, automatic weapons fire and rocket propelled grenades from an entrenched enemy platoon hidden in the top of the berm. The loadmaster on Spooky 71 was A1C John L. Levitow, 23, from Glastonbury, Conn. "6 To Face Murder Charges for G.I.'s Riot in Prison." New York Times, October 1, 1968, p. 3. A VC mortar attack on the airfield at Binh Thuy on the banks of the Mekong resulted in the destruction of a Bird Dog FAC aircraft. [4]:98, At dawn PAVN sappers attacked the 1st Marine Division headquarters on Hill 327 and the 2/7 Marines command post to the northwest. Bucks County Pennsylvania United States USA, Del Rio Texas Laughlin Air Force Base USA, Roxborough Pennsylvania United States USA, U-Tapao Royal Thai Air Force Base Thailand. My hope was that no more than one or two VC would reach my position. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. An injured North Vietnamese soldier fighting with the Viet Cong, Pvt. Aerial view of Long Binh Post in Vietnam. (Vietnam War period). OVER 30 POUNDS IN WEIGHT MUST BE LOWERED BY ROPE. With no clear idea of what to do in combat, I would have to improvise. The Rangers met only slight, disorganized resistance. It includes footage shot between 17 Feb and 24 Feb 1969. It would be relieved by another gunship for the midnight-to-dawn shift. Ellis C. Owen, had been working as a team in dropping the flares. The following is a collection of photographs and letters sent to college friends, dated from 27 November 1969 to 26 May 1970, from John Cook. The last pocket along the An Tan ridgeline proved more difficult and Company L, 3/7 Marines suffered numerous casualties forcing it to withdraw. I heard that five American soldiers were killed and some 30 wounded. He was filling in for a loadmaster who had taken his place when he was sick. Soldiers give forms to the soldier with type-writer. In early August 1969, the 1st Infantry Division determined that its old nemesis, the 9th PLAF Division, was preparing for a new offensive in Binh Duong province.By this time, the 9th Division had been reorganized and redesignated as a PAVN (NVA) division. They tell me I ended up jumping on it, finally getting control and dragging myself and the flare back to the rear cargo door which was open and just managed to push it outside the door as it ejected and ignited simultaneously., Later, the citation to accompany the Medal of Honor put it this way: Unable to grasp the rolling flare with his hands, he threw himself bodily upon the burning flare. Troops lined up on a field. Apparently, not much was out there, as there was no firing to speak of. Night was approaching as Spooky 71, an AC-47 gunship, took off from Bien Hoa Air Base, a few miles northwest of Saigon. Slow fire was 3,000 rounds a minute each, or fast fire which was 6,000 rounds a minute each. Long Binh Post was a sprawling logistics facility and the largest U.S. Army base in Vietnam, with a peak of 60,000 personnel in 1969. 20 July 1969 circa - Mortar attack on base camp A-414 Thanh Tri. Once my eight-man crew of ammo counters had assembled, we set aside our usual duties and made the best preparations we could to survive the night. Air & Space Forces Magazine is the official publication of the Air & Space Forces Association, 1501 Langston Boulevard, Arlington, Va., 22209-1198. Despite his wounds, Levitow helped secure the airplane on the way back. Additional South Vietnamese Regional Force elements moved in and the ARVN troops continued to contain the PAVN/VC forces until 11:00 when assault forces, in the form of the ARVN 36th Ranger Battalion, reinforced the contact. I immediately detected signs that all was not right. Amazingly five or six Viet Cong actually did sneak into the compound, but, luckily or unluckily for my sake, depending on the outcome, not in my area. More than 500 airmen attended the funeral, and most of them followed the caisson to the grave site. Poor guys; they didn't stand a chance. The point man for Team #75, SP/4 Cressman, tripped a Viet Cong antipersonnel mine on the trail that runs down from the south side of the hill to the Buong River. Some of our troops had recaptured it from the VC a few months before. Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings. The pilot fired the guns, using a sight at the left side of the cockpit. The two huge U.S. bases dripped firepowerdozens of batteries of field artillery, large calibers and small, rows and rows of helicopter gunships and jet fighters loaded to the gills with the most lethal ordnance the world has ever seen, dozens of M113 armored personnel carriers with powerful .50-caliber machine guns manned by surly military police, and, of course, hundreds of trigger-happy clerks and truck drivers, not necessarily eager, but most definitely ready, for action. Week of December 12-18, 2021: Heroism Amidst an Ambush, December 17, 1968. Levitow and one of the gunners, Sgt. The series of assaults met heavy resistance by the battalion of PAVN who had turned the villagers sandbagged shelters into a series of well-fortified defensive positions. So proficient had I become at this task that I had acquired the nickname Lieutenant Bullets. Officially, however, I was an ammunition stock control officer in the Army Ordnance Corps. Levitow had joined the Air Force in June 1966, some 20 days ahead of being drafted into the Army. . Airman Levitow was setting [the ejection and ignition dials] and handing me the flares, Owen said. It was modified from the C-47 transport aircraft, plenty of which were available. United States 2nd Field Force change of command ceremony at Long Binh, Vietnam. The 228th per DA consolidated orders of 1970 was "confirmed" as being awarded an MUC for time period 15 February 1969 - 15 August 1969, as was the 277th and other units/sections under its command { HHC . I was a 2nd Lieutenant, on my second night in Vietnam when the attack on Long Bing Post began at 2 AM. The Viet Cong were no longer in the tunnels around Long Binh, most probably having taken the subway back to the main tunnel complex at Cu Chi. The flare was armed just before it was thrown out the door, with timers set to give it some distance from the airplane before the parachute deployed and the flare was triggered. Later I enrolled as an ROTC student at South Dakota State University, became an Army officer and was assigned to Long Binh in August 1968. For my personal defense, I relied upon a somewhat rusty M16 kept around the office. To the Air Forces embarrassment, a hero was not eligible to re-enlist. Intelligence had indicators of the pending attacks. 99-08 286 ) DATE ) ) On appeal from the Department of Veterans Affairs Regional Office in St. Louis, It was another hot February day in 1969 at the sprawling Long Binh logistics base about 20 miles northeast of Saigon. (Vietnam War period). Copyright 2023. The spilled ammunition19,000 rounds of it by Platts estimatewould start cooking off in seconds. But a battle was waiting instead. All of the enlisted got wounded and the officers did not. You can imagine how frightful that was to the mind of a 6-year-old. FAQs - How to Order | The Tet lunar new year of 1968the one history remembershad seen large-scale coordinated attacks on cities, provincial capitals, and bases all over South Vietnam. "Text of Camp Lejeune Committee's Report to Commanding General." There was another motivation for Tran as he attacked the American base. Scenes of Viet Cong bodies around the perimeter of the base.Please Note! An ambush platoon reaction team that was held in ready reserve was assigned to conduct a sweep of the tree line where the post perimeter had received heavy enemy fire from during the early morning attack.
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