In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Voet, R. (1992). It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). (2004). European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. 4. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) A table lists data in columns. Proportional Representation You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. 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The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. (Eds.). Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. 1. There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Disadvantages of proportional representation. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. Wngnerud, L. (2009). One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. Phillips, A. Democratic political theory. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. Though the theory was that crime was around certain citys and remained stable within certain areas despite changes in the populations where certain people lived in the community. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. While #1) Waterfall Model. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Fraser, N. (2003). 518). Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. 3. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Delegation of tasks to others offers the following benefits: 1. You might also like. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . Cons are arguments against it. London: Routledge. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. both quantitative and qualitative research. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. Enter your library card number to sign in. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . Google Scholar. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. 3. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. Grofman, B. 8. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. (1999). Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Emerald: Bingley. Pros of Representative Democracy. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Swift, A. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. Despite of this diversity the American communities have been marginalized since forever. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Cornell, D. (1995). These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. (2012). The rise of the unelected. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Barry, B. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. 3. The debate about whether grades help or hinder student learning is as old as the U.S. grading system itself, dating back to the late 1800s. While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. (2005b). Comparative state feminism. Fortunes of feminism. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. London: Routledge. Democracy and disagreement. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. 1. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Defending equality of outcome. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 6. Pennock, J. R. (1979). Lexington: D. C. Heath. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. 7. Ethics, 91, 431450. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. Evidence from Romania. A contingent yes. New York: Colombia University Press. However, what good representation should be is debated. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Swain, C. M. (1993). "American Government", OpenStax, OpenStax; Rice University. Young, I. M. (1994). Young, I. M. (1990). The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . Required fields are marked *. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. There are many different types of data presentation. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. Feminizing politics. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! Descriptive statistics describe a sample. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. Affordable. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Holst, C. (2014). Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Representing Diversity. \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. Olsen, J. P. (2013). Young, I. M. (2000). Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa,