Buried History, 51, 57-60. [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole, and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (a Joint Ghent-Chicago-Harvard Project), Mesopotamian History and Environment 2: Memoirs 4. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Volume 1 Kardunia. 164 f.) and Hatti. In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. What Are The Names of the Thieves Crucified With Christ. The date and the exact conditions of this seizure of power are unknown to us, the first decades of the Kassite dynasty being unknown to us. Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam). 2005. Most of the Kassite kings ruled on an average of 17 to 20 years. Speiser View PDF Biblical history proper begins with the call to Abraham to leave his native country and set out for a destination that is to become the Promised Land. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? A. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. The art of the Kassite period is best known for a type of stone monument known as a kudurru ( 1985.45 ). Following this event, his grandfather Aur-uballi invaded Babylonia to place Kurigalzu II (1327-03 BCE) on the throne. According to Genesis 10, they were the descendants of Heth, son of Canaan, who was the son of Ham, born of Noah (Genesis 10: 1-6). M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. A. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). 3, 1973, pp. The Kassites had also developed their unique style of poetry, architecture, medicine, sculpture, astrology and fortune telling. 91-113. H. Gasche, J. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Contemporary Kassite records are not numerous. (1998, p. 83) advocate a lower chronology, thereby narrowing the gap between the end of the Old Babylonian period and, ca. Babylonian Pottery in the Kassite Period". 31-45, 47-73, 106-33. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (5) KASSITE. XVI, Fasc. [22] After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.[23]. Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt. Your email address will not be published. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. A new dynasty emerged about 1750 BC by a foreign people known as the Kassites. The third people group is thought be Israel. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. 233-42. Kassites. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. 17793, Roaf, Michael. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. Kassites are recorded in Nuzi during the 15th century BCE (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. 47, 100, 102 ff., 115 ff., 122). MacGinnis, J. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. Kassite and Elamite Kings". [19], The ancient city of Nippur was a major focus for the Kassites. G. Dosch and K. Deller, Die Familie Kizzuk - sieben Kassitengenerationen in Temtena und uriniwe, in M. A. Morrison, and D. I. Owen, eds., Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians in Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his 75th Birthday, Winona Lake, 1981, pp. Brinkman, J. I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. These grants were recorded on stone stelae (sing. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. A. Brinkman (1976-80, p. 465a) and W. De Smet (1990, p. 11) point out that the earliest evidence for Kassites is from northern Babylonia and west of it, viz., the Middle Euphrates and Alalah VII (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 466b). Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Related Content 177-189, Krebernik, M., and Seidl, U. These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium,. ''Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf'', Journal of Near Eastern Studies, LXV/2, 111-119.Richardson, S. (2005). The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. There is good reason for thinking that the Kassites were once neighbors of Indo-Europeans, in view of some affinities between their pantheon and the Indo-Aryan one (see Bloomfield, 1904; Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 136 ad srya-). Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. [15][16] Kudurrus, stone stele used to record land grants and related documents provide another source for Kassite history. But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. Remnants of two Kassite glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. Books The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. 1 The Assyrian Empire. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. [21] At the site of Isin, which had been abandoned after the time of Samsu-iluna, major rebuilding work occurred on the religious district including the temple of Gula. They introduced war chariots, The Kassites were defeated by the Elamites in 1157 B.C. Iran 11.1 (1973): 1-27, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosII." It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. All the mayors have Babylonian names. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. "Inscription of Kurigalzu I". There is very little evidence for serious political problems before the thirteenth century BC when Assyria to the north and Elam to the east began to threaten Babylonia, and eventually brought an end to Kassite control. Political Interactions between Kassite Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt and atti during the Amarna Age". The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. Mesopotamian Pottery. . Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. To the east of the Hittite Empire, Mesopotamia was not ruled by a single state or empire during most of the Bronze Age. The Kassite and post-Kassite kings granted land to temples, members of the royal family, and functionaries. She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. 14155, Hjlund, Flemming. In time, a new dynasty emerged. K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Like the Sumeriancs, no one knows for sure where they came from. Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. 19, no. 3 of the lines in the inscription refer to Canaanite lands/peoples. 23. (Non-dynastic usurpers17351701 BCE) The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. It is believed that in the ancient city existed the legendary "Hanging Gardens of Babylon," which were terraced gardens of celestial beauty that were maintained by an automated watering mechanism. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). On the other hand, they are not underrepresented in the ration lists, which points to their presence in the lower echelons of the society. In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). Elam is recorded in history at the time of Sagron of Akkad around 2300 BC where it is listed on the Bible Timeline. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. "Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. Die Tontafeln der Grabung Robert Koldeweys 18991917." Around 1800 B.C., the Kassites began to settle in the Zagros Mountains which are located in modern day Iran. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). This is when they are shown on the Biblical Timeline with world history. 14151050 BCE. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. (2011, August 03). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. It's . The genealogies of the Bible reveal that intermarriage of the ruler-priests lines continued to the time of Jesus. The demise of the Kassite dynasty was caused mainly by external factors. Volume 1 Kardunia. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The Kassites, an ancient people who spoke neither an Indo-European nor a Semitic language, originated in Lorestn. 1/2, 1981, pp. Some lexicographers associate the "land of Cush" of Genesis 2:13 with the Kassites (Akkadian, kassu ), a people of the plateau of central Asia mentioned in ancient cuneiform inscriptions but whose history remains quite obscure. (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. Kassites. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. One of its many anthropological and theological implications is that Genesis 10 and 11 are historically accurate. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. However, the river is only 175 . 251-54. 2. Richardson (2002, p. 54) points out that southern Mesopotamian refugees were absorbed in the northern cities, whereas members of non-Mesopotamian population groups, such as Kassites, Elamites, and West Semitic semi-nomads (Suteans, Ahlamites) were diverted to rural establishments, such as encampments and fortresses. and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). The last two toponyms are mentioned in Sennaheribs 8th campaign against the Kassites and Yasubigalleans (see Edzard, 1976-80, p. 271a). The Kushites are the Nilo-Saharan peoples who contributed their binary worldview to the ancient Afro-Asiatic world. Zeitschrift Fr Assyriologie & Vorderasiatische Archologie, 103(2), 183195. Its about events 700-1000 years later. The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. Some kudurrus are kept in the Louvre in Paris and others in the National Museum of Iraq. The Kassite Dynasty refurbished many of the ancient Babylonian cities and constructed a new city called Dur Kurigalzu (named after one of the Kassite kings) near modern Baghdad. Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. Yanoam is made non-existent. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 415 f.). 04 Mar 2023. A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. Kassites played a central role in the military. Kassite. Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Several individuals with Kassite names are recorded in the prism of Tunip-Teup from Tikunani (ca. It is possible that the Habiru in the Amarna Letters are a mix of Hebrews from Egypt and also local rebels from the previous Hebrew peoples, like Abraham was. AbydosDynasty "16. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. )], Buga[u?] Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. The state sector, namely, the royal family, bureaucrats, priests, artisans, and attached labor (dependents and slaves of the palaces and temples), seems to have been the dominant one in the economy of Kassite Babylonia. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. [6] As was typical in the region, there was some cross pollination with other religions. C. Edens, On the Complexity of Complex Societies: Structure, Power, and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia, in G. Stein and M. S. Rothman eds., Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Monographs in World Archaeology 18, Madison, Wis, 1994, pp. "Kassite." The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications". The emergence of the Kassite state took place in the 16th and 15th centuries BCE, which are almost devoid of documentation. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) The problem is that there are several places called Ur. After Babylon came within the Kassite sphere of control its city-god, Marduk was absorbed into the Kassite pantheon. Balkan, 1954, pp. Mid-12th Century. Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites.